Introduction
Imagine stumbling upon a tiny, orphaned squirrel, its eyes barely open, shivering and alone. Your heart aches, and your first instinct is to help. But how? What do these vulnerable creatures need to survive and thrive? Understanding the dietary needs of young squirrels, from their complete reliance on their mother’s milk to their eventual transition to solid sustenance, is paramount to their survival and healthy development. Providing appropriate young squirrel food is not just about offering something edible; it’s about providing the building blocks for a strong, healthy life. In this guide, we’ll delve into the specific dietary requirements of baby squirrels at every stage, ensuring you have the knowledge to support these fascinating creatures, whether you’re a wildlife enthusiast, a caregiver, or simply curious about the natural world.
Early Stages: Mother’s Milk or Substitute Formula
The Importance of Mother’s Milk
The initial weeks of a young squirrel’s life are utterly dependent on the nourishment provided by its mother. Her milk is a complex and perfect blend of fats, proteins, carbohydrates, and crucial antibodies that protect the developing squirrel from disease. This milk supports rapid growth and development of their bones, muscles, and vital organs. For the first several weeks, the young squirrel food consists entirely of this maternal milk, and they rely on their mother to provide them warmth and comfort.
The duration of this period of complete dependence varies, but generally, young squirrels rely on their mother’s milk for at least six to eight weeks. During this time, they are entirely helpless and require constant care. However, sometimes circumstances dictate intervention. Perhaps a mother squirrel has been injured or killed, or maybe a nest has been disturbed, leaving orphaned babies behind. In such cases, human intervention becomes necessary to provide the sustenance and care these young animals need to survive.
Orphaned or Abandoned Squirrels: Choosing the Right Formula
Choosing the right formula is the first and most vital step in caring for orphaned or abandoned squirrels. Cow’s milk is not a suitable substitute, as it lacks the necessary nutrients and can cause digestive problems. The best options are either commercially available squirrel milk replacers or a high-quality puppy milk replacer. These formulas are specifically designed to mimic the composition of squirrel milk, providing the essential fats, proteins, and carbohydrates that young squirrels need.
Always follow the manufacturer’s instructions for preparing the formula. Pay close attention to the water-to-powder ratio and ensure the formula is thoroughly mixed. Store the prepared formula in the refrigerator and discard any unused portion after twenty-four hours to prevent bacterial growth.
Feeding Techniques
Feeding techniques are also critical. Use a small syringe or a specialized pet nursing bottle with a tiny nipple. Hold the squirrel in an upright position, similar to how it would nurse from its mother. Gently insert the syringe or nipple into the squirrel’s mouth and slowly release the formula. Never force-feed, as this can lead to aspiration (formula entering the lungs), which can be fatal.
Feeding frequency and amounts depend on the squirrel’s age. Newborn squirrels need to be fed every two to three hours, even during the night. As they grow, the frequency can be gradually reduced, and the amount of formula per feeding can be increased. It’s important to research and consult with a wildlife rehabilitator to determine the appropriate feeding schedule for squirrels of different ages.
Young squirrels cannot voluntarily urinate or defecate on their own. After each feeding, gently stimulate their anal and genital area with a warm, damp cloth. This mimics the mother squirrel’s behavior and encourages them to eliminate waste.
Finally, hygiene is paramount. Always wash your hands thoroughly before and after handling young squirrels and feeding them. Sterilize feeding equipment regularly to prevent the spread of disease.
Transition to Solid Foods (Weaning)
When to Start Weaning
As young squirrels grow, they will eventually transition from a liquid diet to solid foods. This weaning process is a gradual one and should be carefully managed to ensure the squirrels receive the proper nutrition.
Determining when to start weaning depends on the individual squirrel’s development. Typically, squirrels begin to show interest in solid foods around six to eight weeks of age. Signs of readiness include nibbling at the syringe or bottle nipple, exploring their surroundings, and showing interest in the food that their caregivers are eating.
Introducing Soft Foods
The initial solid foods should be soft and easily digestible. Mashed avocado is an excellent choice, as it is rich in healthy fats and easy to swallow. Soft fruits such as bananas and berries are also good options, as they provide essential vitamins and minerals. Vegetable purees, such as sweet potato or butternut squash, can also be introduced. Rodent blocks, specifically designed for squirrels and other rodents, can be softened with formula or water to make them easier for young squirrels to eat.
Gradual Introduction of Hard Foods
As the squirrels become more accustomed to soft foods, you can gradually introduce harder foods. Shelled nuts, such as walnuts, pecans, and almonds, are excellent sources of protein and healthy fats. However, they should be offered in moderation, as they are high in calories. Seeds, such as sunflower and pumpkin seeds, are also nutritious and provide essential minerals. Small pieces of vegetables, such as broccoli, carrots, and sweet potatoes, can also be offered. Commercial squirrel food or rodent blocks, specifically formulated for squirrels, can be a convenient and balanced source of nutrients.
Foods to Avoid
It is important to avoid feeding young squirrels certain foods that can be harmful. Processed human foods, such as chips, cookies, and candy, are high in sugar, salt, and unhealthy fats and should be avoided. Chocolate is toxic to squirrels and can be fatal. Bread has very little nutritional value and can cause digestive problems. Corn, while sometimes offered, is controversial as it can lead to nutrient blockage in some squirrels. Finally, certain nuts, such as peanuts, should be avoided, as they are prone to mold and can cause allergic reactions.
Hydration
In addition to food, it is essential to provide young squirrels with access to fresh, clean water at all times. Water is necessary for hydration, digestion, and overall health.
Water can be provided in a small bottle with a sipper tube or in a shallow dish. Ensure that the water is changed daily to prevent bacterial growth. If you are using a dish, make sure it is shallow enough that the squirrels can easily reach the water without falling in.
Supplementation
In some cases, young squirrels may require supplemental nutrients to ensure they are receiving all the vitamins and minerals they need. Signs of deficiencies include poor growth, weak bones, and a dull coat.
Calcium deficiency is a common problem in young squirrels, especially those that have been orphaned or raised on an inadequate diet. Calcium supplements can be given to help strengthen their bones and prevent metabolic bone disease. Vitamin supplements can also be beneficial, especially if the squirrels are not eating a wide variety of foods.
However, it is important to consult with a veterinarian or wildlife rehabilitator before giving young squirrels any supplements. They can help you determine if supplementation is necessary and recommend the appropriate dosage.
Important Considerations for Feeding Wild Squirrels (If Releasing)
If you are caring for young squirrels with the intention of releasing them back into the wild, it is important to gradually introduce them to natural foods and encourage their natural foraging behavior.
Start by offering them a variety of nuts, seeds, fruits, and vegetables that they would find in their natural environment. Gradually reduce the amount of formula or soft foods you are providing, and encourage them to forage for food on their own.
Avoid feeding squirrels near roads or other dangerous areas. This can attract them to these areas and increase their risk of being hit by cars or injured by other animals. It’s crucial to avoid creating dependence.
Finding Help
If you find an injured or orphaned squirrel, it is important to contact a licensed wildlife rehabilitator as soon as possible. Wildlife rehabilitators have the knowledge, skills, and resources to provide the proper care for these animals and increase their chances of survival.
Many organizations and resources can help you find a wildlife rehabilitator in your area. Search online or contact your local animal control agency for assistance.
Conclusion
Providing proper young squirrel food and care is essential for the survival and healthy development of these fascinating creatures. By understanding their dietary needs at every stage, from their dependence on mother’s milk to their transition to solid foods, you can help ensure that they have the best possible start in life. Whether you are a wildlife enthusiast, a caregiver, or simply curious about the natural world, remember to respect wildlife and provide them with the care they need to thrive. If you find a young squirrel in need, seek professional help from a licensed rehabilitator. With proper care and attention, we can help these vulnerable creatures grow into healthy, independent adults.
